Learning by outward and inward internationalization and the outward/inward innovativeness of firms in Poland

Abstract Many studies raise the issue of relationships between internationalization and innovativeness, linking them with firms’ international competitiveness. However, very few these focus on influence innovativeness regard multifaceted nature two concepts. The study presented in this paper is based a holistic approach to innovativeness. It explores outward (e.g. exporting, FDI) inward importing, (product marketing) (process organizational) 274 firms Poland, adopting formative variables correlations analysis. key contribution research that conducive both while supports only shows learning by firms, responsible for their findings might be unique transition emerging economies characterized low degree more universal, bring interesting results when applied highly advanced economies.